The last of the great African cities on the Mediterranean is Alexandria, which was founded by the Greek general and conqueror Alexander the Great in 331 BCE. Alexander's conquest of much of North Africa and western Asia led to the spread of Greek culture and religion, giving rise to what is known as Hellenic civilization throughout the area. Alexandria was for many centuries the center of Hellenic civilization in Africa.

Alexandria is a port city and became a center of trade in the region. To accommodate the many ships coming in and out, it built its great Lighthouse, which was one of the Wonders of the Ancient World.